基于Python实现的ID3决策树功能示例

本文实例讲述了基于Python实现的ID3决策树功能。分享给大家供大家参考，具体如下：

ID3算法是决策树的一种，它是基于奥卡姆剃刀原理的，即用尽量用较少的东西做更多的事。ID3算法，即Iterative Dichotomiser 3，迭代二叉树3代，是Ross Quinlan发明的一种决策树算法，这个算法的基础就是上面提到的奥卡姆剃刀原理，越是小型的决策树越优于大的决策树，尽管如此，也不总是生成最小的树型结构，而是一个启发式算法。

如下示例是一个判断海洋生物数据是否是鱼类而构建的基于ID3思想的决策树

# coding=utf-8
import operator
from math import log
import time
def createDataSet():
  dataSet = [[1, 1, 'yes'],
        [1, 1, 'yes'],
        [1, 0, 'no'],
        [0, 1, 'no'],
        [0, 1, 'no'],
        [0,0,'maybe']]
  labels = ['no surfaceing', 'flippers']
  return dataSet, labels
# 计算香农熵
def calcShannonEnt(dataSet):
  numEntries = len(dataSet)
  labelCounts = {}
  for feaVec in dataSet:
    currentLabel = feaVec[-1]
    if currentLabel not in labelCounts:
      labelCounts[currentLabel] = 0
    labelCounts[currentLabel] += 1
  shannonEnt = 0.0
  for key in labelCounts:
    prob = float(labelCounts[key]) / numEntries
    shannonEnt -= prob * log(prob, 2)
  return shannonEnt
def splitDataSet(dataSet, axis, value):
  retDataSet = []
  for featVec in dataSet:
    if featVec[axis] == value:
      reducedFeatVec = featVec[:axis]
      reducedFeatVec.extend(featVec[axis + 1:])
      retDataSet.append(reducedFeatVec)
  return retDataSet
def chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet):
  numFeatures = len(dataSet[0]) - 1 # 因为数据集的最后一项是标签
  baseEntropy = calcShannonEnt(dataSet)
  bestInfoGain = 0.0
  bestFeature = -1
  for i in range(numFeatures):
    featList = [example[i] for example in dataSet]
    uniqueVals = set(featList)
    newEntropy = 0.0
    for value in uniqueVals:
      subDataSet = splitDataSet(dataSet, i, value)
      prob = len(subDataSet) / float(len(dataSet))
      newEntropy += prob * calcShannonEnt(subDataSet)
    infoGain = baseEntropy - newEntropy
    if infoGain > bestInfoGain:
      bestInfoGain = infoGain
      bestFeature = i
  return bestFeature
# 因为我们递归构建决策树是根据属性的消耗进行计算的，所以可能会存在最后属性用完了，但是分类
# 还是没有算完，这时候就会采用多数表决的方式计算节点分类
def majorityCnt(classList):
  classCount = {}
  for vote in classList:
    if vote not in classCount.keys():
      classCount[vote] = 0
    classCount[vote] += 1
  return max(classCount)
def createTree(dataSet, labels):
  classList = [example[-1] for example in dataSet]
  if classList.count(classList[0]) == len(classList): # 类别相同则停止划分
    return classList[0]
  if len(dataSet[0]) == 1: # 所有特征已经用完
    return majorityCnt(classList)
  bestFeat = chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet)
  bestFeatLabel = labels[bestFeat]
  myTree = {bestFeatLabel: {}}
  del (labels[bestFeat])
  featValues = [example[bestFeat] for example in dataSet]
  uniqueVals = set(featValues)
  for value in uniqueVals:
    subLabels = labels[:] # 为了不改变原始列表的内容复制了一下
    myTree[bestFeatLabel][value] = createTree(splitDataSet(dataSet,
                                bestFeat, value), subLabels)
  return myTree
def main():
  data, label = createDataSet()
  t1 = time.clock()
  myTree = createTree(data, label)
  t2 = time.clock()
  print myTree
  print 'execute for ', t2 - t1
if __name__ == '__main__':
  main()

运行结果如下：

{'no surfaceing': {0: {'flippers': {0: 'maybe', 1: 'no'}}, 1: {'flippers': {0: 'no', 1: 'yes'}}}}
execute for 0.0103958394532

最后我们测试一下这个脚本即可，如果想把这个生成的决策树用图像画出来，也只是在需要在脚本里面定义一个plottree的函数即可。

希望本文所述对大家Python程序设计有所帮助。