标准库
Python拥有一个强大的标准库。Python语言的核心只包含数字、字符串、列表、字典、文件等常见类型和函数,而由Python标准库提供了系统管理、网络通信、文本处理、数据库接口、图形系统、XML处理等额外的功能。
Python标准库的主要功能有:
1.文本处理,包含文本格式化、正则表达式匹配、文本差异计算与合并、Unicode支持,二进制数据处理等功能
2.文件处理,包含文件操作、创建临时文件、文件压缩与归档、操作配置文件等功能
3.操作系统功能,包含线程与进程支持、IO复用、日期与时间处理、调用系统函数、日志(logging)等功能
4.网络通信,包含网络套接字,SSL加密通信、异步网络通信等功能
5.网络协议,支持HTTP,FTP,SMTP,POP,IMAP,NNTP,XMLRPC等多种网络协议,并提供了编写网络服务器的框架
6.W3C格式支持,包含HTML,SGML,XML的处理。
7.其它功能,包括国际化支持、数学运算、HASH、Tkinter等
python利用标准库获取本地IP
这个最简单,但是也最不靠谱,依赖hosts文件,如果hosts文件没配置,一般容易获取到127.0.0.1
import socket socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
import socket s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) s.connect(("8.8.8.8", 80)) print(s.getsockname()[0]) s.close()
import socket alias myip="python -c 'import socket; print([l for l in ([ip for ip in socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2] if not ip.startswith(\"127.\")][:1], [[(s.connect((\"8.8.8.8\", 53)), s.getsockname()[0], s.close()) for s in [socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)]][0][1]]) if l][0][0])'" print([l for l in ([ip for ip in socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2] if not ip.startswith("127.")][:1], [[(s.connect(('8.8.8.8', 53)), s.getsockname()[0], s.close()) for s in [socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)]][0][1]]) if l][0][0]) print((([ip for ip in socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2] if not ip.startswith("127.")] or [[(s.connect(("8.8.8.8", 53)), s.getsockname()[0], s.close()) for s in [socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)]][0][1]]) + ["no IP found"])[0]) print([ip for ip in socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2] if not ip.startswith("127.")][:1]) print([(s.connect(('8.8.8.8', 53)), s.getsockname()[0], s.close()) for s in [socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)]][0][1])
import os import socket if os.name != "nt": import fcntl import struct def get_interface_ip(ifname): s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) return socket.inet_ntoa(fcntl.ioctl(s.fileno(), 0x8915, struct.pack('256s', ifname[:15]))[20:24]) def get_lan_ip(): ip = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname()) if ip.startswith("127.") and os.name != "nt": interfaces = [ "eth0", "eth1", "eth2", "wlan0", "wlan1", "wifi0", "ath0", "ath1", "ppp0", ] for ifname in interfaces: try: ip = get_interface_ip(ifname) break except IOError: pass return ip
linux上根据网卡名获取ip
>>> import socket, struct, fcntl >>> sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) >>> sockfd = sock.fileno() >>> SIOCGIFADDR = 0x8915 >>> >>> def get_ip(iface = 'eth0'): ... ifreq = struct.pack('16sH14s', iface, socket.AF_INET, '\x00'*14) ... try: ... res = fcntl.ioctl(sockfd, SIOCGIFADDR, ifreq) ... except: ... return None ... ip = struct.unpack('16sH2x4s8x', res)[2] ... return socket.inet_ntoa(ip) ... >>> get_ip('eth0') '10.80.40.234' >>>
仅限windows
def getIPAddresses(): from ctypes import Structure, windll, sizeof from ctypes import POINTER, byref from ctypes import c_ulong, c_uint, c_ubyte, c_char MAX_ADAPTER_DESCRIPTION_LENGTH = 128 MAX_ADAPTER_NAME_LENGTH = 256 MAX_ADAPTER_ADDRESS_LENGTH = 8 class IP_ADDR_STRING(Structure): pass LP_IP_ADDR_STRING = POINTER(IP_ADDR_STRING) IP_ADDR_STRING._fields_ = [ ("next", LP_IP_ADDR_STRING), ("ipAddress", c_char * 16), ("ipMask", c_char * 16), ("context", c_ulong)] class IP_ADAPTER_INFO (Structure): pass LP_IP_ADAPTER_INFO = POINTER(IP_ADAPTER_INFO) IP_ADAPTER_INFO._fields_ = [ ("next", LP_IP_ADAPTER_INFO), ("comboIndex", c_ulong), ("adapterName", c_char * (MAX_ADAPTER_NAME_LENGTH + 4)), ("description", c_char * (MAX_ADAPTER_DESCRIPTION_LENGTH + 4)), ("addressLength", c_uint), ("address", c_ubyte * MAX_ADAPTER_ADDRESS_LENGTH), ("index", c_ulong), ("type", c_uint), ("dhcpEnabled", c_uint), ("currentIpAddress", LP_IP_ADDR_STRING), ("ipAddressList", IP_ADDR_STRING), ("gatewayList", IP_ADDR_STRING), ("dhcpServer", IP_ADDR_STRING), ("haveWins", c_uint), ("primaryWinsServer", IP_ADDR_STRING), ("secondaryWinsServer", IP_ADDR_STRING), ("leaseObtained", c_ulong), ("leaseExpires", c_ulong)] GetAdaptersInfo = windll.iphlpapi.GetAdaptersInfo GetAdaptersInfo.restype = c_ulong GetAdaptersInfo.argtypes = [LP_IP_ADAPTER_INFO, POINTER(c_ulong)] adapterList = (IP_ADAPTER_INFO * 10)() buflen = c_ulong(sizeof(adapterList)) rc = GetAdaptersInfo(byref(adapterList[0]), byref(buflen)) if rc == 0: for a in adapterList: adNode = a.ipAddressList while True: ipAddr = adNode.ipAddress if ipAddr: yield ipAddr adNode = adNode.next if not adNode: break
第三方库
https://github.com/ftao/python-ifcfg (本地下载)
import ifcfg import json for name, interface in ifcfg.interfaces().items(): # do something with interface print interface['device'] print interface['inet'] print interface['inet6'] print interface['netmask'] print interface['broadcast'] default = ifcfg.default_interface()
总结
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python利用标准库如何获取本地IP示例详解
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