python爬虫模块Beautiful Soup简介
简单来说,Beautiful Soup是python的一个库,最主要的功能是从网页抓取数据。官方解释如下: Beautiful Soup提供一些简单的、python式的函数用来处理导航、搜索、修改分析树等功能。它是一个工具箱,通过解析文档为用户提供需要抓取的数据,因为简单,所以不需要多少代码就可以写出一个完整的应用程序。Beautiful Soup自动将输入文档转换为Unicode编码,输出文档转换为utf-8编码。你不需要考虑编码方式,除非文档没有指定一个编码方式,这时,Beautiful Soup就不能自动识别编码方式了。然后,你仅仅需要说明一下原始编码方式就可以了。Beautiful Soup已成为和lxml、html6lib一样出色的python解释器,为用户灵活地提供不同的解析策略或强劲的速度。
python爬虫模块Beautiful Soup安装
Beautiful Soup 3 目前已经停止开发,推荐在现在的项目中使用Beautiful Soup 4,不过它已经被移植到BS4了,也就是说导入时我们需要 import bs4 。所以这里我们用的版本是 Beautiful Soup 4.3.2 (简称BS4),另外据说 BS4 对 Python3 的支持不够好,不过我用的是 Python2.7.7,如果有小伙伴用的是 Python3 版本,可以考虑下载 BS3 版本。 可以利用 pip 或者 easy_install 来安装,以下两种方法均可
easy_install beautifulsoup4
pip install beautifulsoup4
如果想安装最新的版本,请直接下载安装包来手动安装,也是十分方便的方法。下载完成之后解压,运行下面的命令即可完成安装
sudo python setup.py install
然后需要安装 lxml
easy_install lxml
pip install lxml
另一个可供选择的解析器是纯Python实现的 html5lib , html5lib的解析方式与浏览器相同,可以选择下列方法来安装html5lib:
easy_install html5lib
pip install html5lib
Beautiful Soup支持Python标准库中的HTML解析器,还支持一些第三方的解析器,如果我们不安装它,则 Python 会使用 Python默认的解析器,lxml 解析器更加强大,速度更快,推荐安装。
解析器 | 使用方法 | 优势 | 劣势 |
Python标准库 | BeautifulSoup(markup, “html.parser”) | Python的内置标准库 执行速度适中 文档容错能力强 | Python 2.7.3 or 3.2.2)前 的版本中文档容错能力差 |
lxml HTML 解析器 | BeautifulSoup(markup, “lxml”) | 速度快 文档容错能力强 | 需要安装C语言库 |
lxml XML 解析器 | BeautifulSoup(markup, [“lxml”, “xml”]) BeautifulSoup(markup, “xml”) | 速度快 唯一支持XML的解析器 | 需要安装C语言库 |
html5lib | BeautifulSoup(markup, “html5lib”) | 最好的容错性 以浏览器的方式解析文档 生成HTML5格式的文档 | 速度慢 |
创建Beautiful Soup对象
首先必须要导入 bs4 库
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
我们创建一个字符串,后面的例子我们便会用它来演示
html = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """
创建 beautifulsoup 对象
soup = BeautifulSoup(html)
另外,我们还可以用本地 HTML 文件来创建对象,例如
soup = BeautifulSoup(open('index.html'))
上面这句代码便是将本地 index.html 文件打开,用它来创建 soup 对象。下面我们来打印一下 soup 对象的内容,格式化输出
print soup.prettify()
指定编码:当html为其他类型编码(非utf-8和asc ii),比如GB2312的话,则需要指定相应的字符编码,BeautifulSoup才能正确解析。
htmlCharset = "GB2312"
soup = BeautifulSoup(respHtml, fromEncoding=htmlCharset)
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import re #待分析字符串 html_doc = """ <html> <head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> </head> <body> <p class="title aq"> <b> The Dormouse's story </b> </p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> """ # html字符串创建BeautifulSoup对象 soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, 'html.parser', from_encoding='utf-8') #输出第一个 title 标签 print soup.title #输出第一个 title 标签的标签名称 print soup.title.name #输出第一个 title 标签的包含内容 print soup.title.string #输出第一个 title 标签的父标签的标签名称 print soup.title.parent.name #输出第一个 p 标签 print soup.p #输出第一个 p 标签的 class 属性内容 print soup.p['class'] #输出第一个 a 标签的 href 属性内容 print soup.a['href'] ''' soup的属性可以被添加,删除或修改. 再说一次, soup的属性操作方法与字典一样 ''' #修改第一个 a 标签的href属性为 http://www.baidu.com/ soup.a['href'] = 'http://www.baidu.com/' #给第一个 a 标签添加 name 属性 soup.a['name'] = u'百度' #删除第一个 a 标签的 class 属性为 del soup.a['class'] ##输出第一个 p 标签的所有子节点 print soup.p.contents #输出第一个 a 标签 print soup.a #输出所有的 a 标签,以列表形式显示 print soup.find_all('a') #输出第一个 id 属性等于 link3 的 a 标签 print soup.find(id="link3") #获取所有文字内容 print(soup.get_text()) #输出第一个 a 标签的所有属性信息 print soup.a.attrs for link in soup.find_all('a'): #获取 link 的 href 属性内容 print(link.get('href')) #对soup.p的子节点进行循环输出 for child in soup.p.children: print(child) #正则匹配,名字中带有b的标签 for tag in soup.find_all(re.compile("b")): print(tag.name)
import bs4#导入BeautifulSoup库 Soup = BeautifulSoup(html)#其中html 可以是字符串,也可以是句柄 需要注意的是,BeautifulSoup会自动检测传入文件的编码格式,然后转化为Unicode格式 通过如上两句话,BS自动把文档生成为如上图中的解析树。
Beautiful Soup四大对象种类
Beautiful Soup将复杂HTML文档转换成一个复杂的树形结构,每个节点都是Python对象,所有对象可以归纳为4种:
- Tag
- NavigableString
- BeautifulSoup
- Comment
(1)Tag
Tag 是什么?通俗点讲就是 HTML 中的一个个标签,例如
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
<a class="sister" href="//3water.com/" id="link1">3water</a>
上面的 title a 等等 HTML 标签加上里面包括的内容就是 Tag,下面我们来感受一下怎样用 Beautiful Soup 来方便地获取 Tags 下面每一段代码中注释部分即为运行结果
print soup.title
#<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
print soup.head
#<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
print soup.a
#<a class="sister" href="//3water.com/" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>
print soup.p
#<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
利用 soup加标签名轻松地获取这些标签的内容,是不是感觉比正则表达式方便多了?不过有一点是,它查找的是在所有内容中的第一个符合要求的标签,如果要查询所有的标签,我们在后面进行介绍。soup.title 得到的是title标签,soup.p 得到的是文档中的第一个p标签,要想得到所有标签,得用find_all函数。find_all 函数返回的是一个序列,可以对它进行循环,依次得到想到的东西.。 我们可以验证一下这些对象的类型
print type(soup.a)
#<class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
对于 Tag,它有两个重要的属性,是 name 和 attrs
name
print soup.name
print soup.head.name
#[document]
#head
soup 对象本身比较特殊,它的 name 即为 [document],对于其他内部标签,输出的值便为标签本身的名称。 attrs
print soup.p.attrs
#{'class': ['title'], 'name': 'dromouse'}
在这里,我们把 p 标签的所有属性打印输出了出来,得到的类型是一个字典。如果我们想要单独获取某个属性,可以这样,例如我们获取它的 class 叫什么
print soup.p['class']
#['title']
还可以这样,利用get方法,传入属性的名称,二者是等价的
print soup.p.get('class')
#['title']
我们可以对这些属性和内容等等进行修改,例如
soup.p['class']="newClass"
print soup.p
#<p class="newClass" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
还可以对这个属性进行删除,例如
del soup.p['class']
print soup.p
#<p name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
不过,对于修改删除的操作,不是我们的主要用途,在此不做详细介绍了,如果有需要,请查看前面提供的官方文档
head = soup.find('head') #head = soup.head #head = soup.contents[0].contents[0] print head html = soup.contents[0] # <html> ... </html> head = html.contents[0] # <head> ... </head> body = html.contents[1] # <body> ... </body>
可以通过Tag.attrs访问,返回字典结构的属性。 或者Tag.name这样访问特定属性值,如果是多值属性则以列表形式返回。
(2)NavigableString
既然我们已经得到了标签的内容,那么问题来了,我们要想获取标签内部的文字怎么办呢?很简单,用 .string 即可,例如
print soup.p.string
#The Dormouse's story
这样我们就轻松获取到了标签里面的内容,想想如果用正则表达式要多麻烦。它的类型是一个 NavigableString,翻译过来叫 可以遍历的字符串,不过我们最好还是称它英文名字吧。来检查一下它的类型
print type(soup.p.string)
#<class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>
(3)BeautifulSoup
BeautifulSoup 对象表示的是一个文档的全部内容.大部分时候,可以把它当作 Tag 对象,是一个特殊的 Tag,我们可以分别获取它的类型,名称,以及属性来感受一下
print type(soup.name)
#<type 'unicode'>
print soup.name
# [document]
print soup.attrs
#{} 空字典
(4)Comment
Comment 对象是一个特殊类型的 NavigableString 对象,其实输出的内容仍然不包括注释符号,但是如果不好好处理它,可能会对我们的文本处理造成意想不到的麻烦。 我们找一个带注释的标签
print soup.a
print soup.a.string
print type(soup.a.string)
运行结果如下
<a class="sister" href="//3water.com/" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>
Elsie
<class 'bs4.element.Comment'>
a 标签里的内容实际上是注释,但是如果我们利用 .string 来输出它的内容,我们发现它已经把注释符号去掉了,所以这可能会给我们带来不必要的麻烦。 另外我们打印输出下它的类型,发现它是一个 Comment 类型,所以,我们在使用前最好做一下判断,判断代码如下
if type(soup.a.string)==bs4.element.Comment:
print soup.a.string
上面的代码中,我们首先判断了它的类型,是否为 Comment 类型,然后再进行其他操作,如打印输出。
Beautiful Soup模块遍历文档树
(1)直接子节点
Tag.Tag_child1:直接通过下标名称访问子节点。 Tag.contents:以列表形式返回所有子节点。 Tag.children:生成器,可用于循环访问:for child in Tag.children 要点:.contents .children 属性 .contents tag 的 .content 属性可以将tag的子节点以列表的方式输出。可以使用 [num] 的形式获得。使用contents向后遍历树,使用parent向前遍历树
print soup.head.contents
#[<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]
输出方式为列表,我们可以用列表索引来获取它的某一个元素
print soup.head.contents[0]
#<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
.children 它返回的不是一个 list,不过我们可以通过遍历获取所有子节点。我们打印输出 .children 看一下,可以发现它是一个 list 生成器对象。 可以使用list可以将其转化为列表。当然可以使用for 语句遍历里面的孩子。
print soup.head.children
#<listiterator object at 0x7f71457f5710>
我们怎样获得里面的内容呢?很简单,遍历一下就好了,代码及结果如下
for child in soup.body.children:
print child
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p>
(2)所有子孙节点
知识点:.descendants 属性 .descendants .contents 和 .children 属性仅包含tag的直接子节点,.descendants 属性可以对所有tag的子孙节点进行递归循环,和 children类似,我们也需要遍历获取其中的内容。 Tag.descendants:生成器,可用于循环访问:for des inTag.descendants
for child in soup.descendants:
print child
运行结果如下,可以发现,所有的节点都被打印出来了,先生成最外层的 HTML标签,其次从 head 标签一个个剥离,以此类推。
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> </body></html> <head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> The Dormouse's story <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> </body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <b>The Dormouse's story</b> The Dormouse's story <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a> Elsie , <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> Lacie and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a> Tillie ; and they lived at the bottom of a well. <p class="story">...</p> ...
(3)节点内容
知识点:.string 属性 Tag.String:Tag只有一个String子节点是,可以这么访问,否则返回None Tag.Strings:生成器,可用于循环访问:for str in Tag.Strings 如果tag只有一个 NavigableString 类型子节点,那么这个tag可以使用 .string 得到子节点。如果一个tag仅有一个子节点,那么这个tag也可以使用 .string 方法,输出结果与当前唯一子节点的 .string 结果相同。通俗点说就是:如果一个标签里面没有标签了,那么 .string 就会返回标签里面的内容。如果标签里面只有唯一的一个标签了,那么 .string 也会返回最里面的内容。如果超过一个标签的话,那么就会返回None。例如
print soup.head.string
#The Dormouse's story
print soup.title.string
#The Dormouse's story
如果tag包含了多个子节点,tag就无法确定,string 方法应该调用哪个子节点的内容, .string 的输出结果是 None
print soup.html.string
# None
(4)多个内容
知识点: .strings .stripped_strings 属性 .strings 获取多个内容,不过需要遍历获取,比如下面的例子
for string in soup.strings: print(repr(string)) # u"The Dormouse's story" # u'\n\n' # u"The Dormouse's story" # u'\n\n' # u'Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\n' # u'Elsie' # u',\n' # u'Lacie' # u' and\n' # u'Tillie' # u';\nand they lived at the bottom of a well.' # u'\n\n' # u'...' # u'\n'
.stripped_strings 输出的字符串中可能包含了很多空格或空行,使用 .stripped_strings 可以去除多余空白内容
for string in soup.stripped_strings: print(repr(string)) # u"The Dormouse's story" # u"The Dormouse's story" # u'Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were' # u'Elsie' # u',' # u'Lacie' # u'and' # u'Tillie' # u';\nand they lived at the bottom of a well.' # u'...'
(5)父节点
知识点: .parent 属性 使用parent获取父节点。 Tag.parent:父节点 Tag.parents:父到根的所有节点
body = soup.body html = body.parent # html是body的父亲
p = soup.p
print p.parent.name
#body
content = soup.head.title.string
print content.parent.name
#title
(6)全部父节点
知识点:.parents 属性 通过元素的 .parents 属性可以递归得到元素的所有父辈节点,例如
content = soup.head.title.string for parent in content.parents: print parent.name title head html [document]
(7)兄弟节点
知识点:.next_sibling .previous_sibling 属性
使用nextSibling, previousSibling获取前后兄弟
Tag.next_sibling
Tag.next_siblings
Tag.previous_sibling
Tag.previous_siblings
兄弟节点可以理解为和本节点处在统一级的节点,.next_sibling 属性获取了该节点的下一个兄弟节点,.previous_sibling 则与之相反,如果节点不存在,则返回 None。
注意:实际文档中的tag的 .next_sibling 和 .previous_sibling 属性通常是字符串或空白,因为空白或者换行也可以被视作一个节点,所以得到的结果可能是空白或者换行
print soup.p.next_sibling # 实际该处为空白 print soup.p.prev_sibling #None 没有前一个兄弟节点,返回 None print soup.p.next_sibling.next_sibling #<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were #<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, #<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> and #<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>; #and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> #下一个节点的下一个兄弟节点是我们可以看到的节点
.next方法:只能针对单一元素进行.next,或者说是对contents列表元素的挨个清点。 比如
soup.contents[1]=u'HTML'
soup.contents[2]=u'\n'
则soup.contents[1].next等价于soup.contents[2]
head = body.previousSibling # head和body在同一层,是body的前一个兄弟
p1 = body.contents[0] # p1, p2都是body的儿子,我们用contents[0]取得p1
p2 = p1.nextSibling # p2与p1在同一层,是p1的后一个兄弟, 当然body.content[1]也可得到
contents[]的灵活运用也可以寻找关系节点,寻找祖先或者子孙可以采用findParent(s), findNextSibling(s), findPreviousSibling(s)
(8)全部兄弟节点
知识点:.next_siblings .previous_siblings 属性 通过 .next_siblings 和 .previous_siblings 属性可以对当前节点的兄弟节点迭代输出
for sibling in soup.a.next_siblings: print(repr(sibling)) # u',\n' # <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> # u' and\n' # <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a> # u'; and they lived at the bottom of a well.' # None
(9)前后节点
知识点:.next_element .previous_element 属性 与 .next_sibling .previous_sibling 不同,它并不是针对于兄弟节点,而是在所有节点,不分层次。比如 head 节点为
<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
那么它的下一个节点便是 title,它是不分层次关系的
print soup.head.next_element
#<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
(10)所有前后节点
知识点:.next_elements .previous_elements 属性 通过 .next_elements 和 .previous_elements 的迭代器就可以向前或向后访问文档的解析内容,就好像文档正在被解析一样
for element in last_a_tag.next_elements: print(repr(element)) # u'Tillie' # u';\nand they lived at the bottom of a well.' # u'\n\n' # <p class="story">...</p> # u'...' # u'\n' # None
以上是遍历文档树的基本用法。
搜索文档树
最常用的是find_all()函数 (1)find_all( name , attrs , recursive , text , **kwargs ) find_all() 方法搜索当前tag的所有tag子节点,并判断是否符合过滤器的条件 1)name 参数 name 参数可以查找所有名字为 name 的tag,字符串对象会被自动忽略掉
#第一个参数为Tag的名称 tag.find_all(‘title') #得到”<title>&%^&*</title>”,结果为一个列表 第二个参数为匹配的属性 tag.find_all(“title”,class=”sister”) #得到如”<title class = “sister”>%^*&</title> # 第二个参数也可以为字符串,得到字符串匹配的结果 tag.find_all(“title”,”sister”) #得到如”<title class = “sister”>%^*&</title>
A.传字符串 最简单的过滤器是字符串.在搜索方法中传入一个字符串参数,Beautiful Soup会查找与字符串完整匹配的内容,下面的例子用于查找文档中所有的<b>标签
soup.find_all('b') # [<b>The Dormouse's story</b>] print soup.find_all('a') #[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
B.传正则表达式 如果传入正则表达式作为参数,Beautiful Soup会通过正则表达式的 match() 来匹配内容.下面例子中找出所有以b开头的标签,这表示<body>和<b>标签都应该被找到
import re for tag in soup.find_all(re.compile("^b")): print(tag.name) # body # b
C.传列表 如果传入列表参数,Beautiful Soup会将与列表中任一元素匹配的内容返回.下面代码找到文档中所有<a>标签和<b>标签
soup.find_all(["a", "b"]) # [<b>The Dormouse's story</b>, # <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1">Elsie</a>, # <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a>, # <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
D.传 True True 可以匹配任何值,下面代码查找到所有的tag,但是不会返回字符串节点
for tag in soup.find_all(True): print(tag.name) # html # head # title # body # p # b # p # a # a
E.传方法 如果没有合适过滤器,那么还可以定义一个方法,方法只接受一个元素参数 [4] ,如果这个方法返回 True 表示当前元素匹配并且被找到,如果不是则反回 False。下面方法校验了当前元素,如果包含 class 属性却不包含 id 属性,那么将返回 True:
def has_class_but_no_id(tag): return tag.has_attr('class') and not tag.has_attr('id')
将这个方法作为参数传入 find_all() 方法,将得到所有<p>标签:
soup.find_all(has_class_but_no_id) # [<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>, # <p class="story">Once upon a time there were...</p>, # <p class="story">...</p>]
2)keyword 参数 注意:如果一个指定名字的参数不是搜索内置的参数名,搜索时会把该参数当作指定名字tag的属性来搜索,如果包含一个名字为 id 的参数,Beautiful Soup会搜索每个tag的”id”属性
soup.find_all(id='link2')
# [<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>]
如果传入 href 参数,Beautiful Soup会搜索每个tag的”href”属性
soup.find_all(href=re.compile("elsie"))
# [<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>]
使用多个指定名字的参数可以同时过滤tag的多个属性
soup.find_all(href=re.compile("elsie"), id='link1')
# [<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1">three</a>]
在这里我们想用 class 过滤,不过 class 是 python 的关键词,这怎么办?加个下划线就可以
soup.find_all("a", class_="sister")
# [<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
# <a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>,
# <a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
有些tag属性在搜索不能使用,比如HTML5中的 data-* 属性
data_soup = BeautifulSoup('<div data-foo="value">foo!</div>')
data_soup.find_all(data-foo="value")
# SyntaxError: keyword can't be an expression
但是可以通过 find_all() 方法的 attrs 参数定义一个字典参数来搜索包含特殊属性的tag
data_soup.find_all(attrs={"data-foo": "value"})
# [<div data-foo="value">foo!</div>]
3)text 参数 通过 text 参数可以搜搜文档中的字符串内容.与 name 参数的可选值一样, text 参数接受 字符串 , 正则表达式 , 列表, True
soup.find_all(text="Elsie") # [u'Elsie'] soup.find_all(text=["Tillie", "Elsie", "Lacie"]) # [u'Elsie', u'Lacie', u'Tillie'] soup.find_all(text=re.compile("Dormouse")) [u"The Dormouse's story", u"The Dormouse's story"]
4)limit 参数 find_all() 方法返回全部的搜索结构,如果文档树很大那么搜索会很慢.如果我们不需要全部结果,可以使用 limit 参数限制返回结果的数量.效果与SQL中的limit关键字类似,当搜索到的结果数量达到 limit 的限制时,就停止搜索返回结果. 文档树中有3个tag符合搜索条件,但结果只返回了2个,因为我们限制了返回数量
soup.find_all("a", limit=2)
# [<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
# <a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>]
5)recursive 参数 调用tag的 find_all() 方法时,Beautiful Soup会检索当前tag的所有子孙节点,如果只想搜索tag的直接子节点,可以使用参数 recursive=False 。一段简单的文档:
<html> <head> <title> The Dormouse's story </title> </head> ...
是否使用 recursive 参数的搜索结果:
soup.html.find_all("title")
# [<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]
soup.html.find_all("title", recursive=False)
# []
(2)find(name=None, attrs={}, recursive=True, text=None, **kwargs)
它与 find_all() 方法唯一的区别是 find_all() 方法的返回结果是值包含一个元素的列表,而 find() 方法直接返回结果。
.find('p'),.findAll('p'):find返回的是字符串值,而且是返回从头查找到的第一个tag对。但是如果这第一个tag对包括大量的内容,父等级很高,则同时其内部所包含的,此级标签也全部都find。findAll返回值是个列表,如果发现了一个同名标签内含多个同名标签,则内部的标签一并归于该父标签显示,列表其他元素也不再体现那些内含的同名子标签。即findAll会返回所有符合要求的结果,并以list返回。
soup.findAll(οnclick='document.location...')
soup.findAll(attrs={'style':r'outline:none;'}) #用来查找属性中有style='outline:none;的标签体。
tag搜索
find(tagname) # 直接搜索名为tagname的tag 如:find('head')
find(list) # 搜索在list中的tag,如: find(['head', 'body'])
find(dict) # 搜索在dict中的tag,如:find({'head':True, 'body':True})
find(re.compile('')) # 搜索符合正则的tag, 如:find(re.compile('^p')) 搜索以p开头的tag
find(lambda) # 搜索函数返回结果为true的tag, 如:find(lambda name: if len(name) == 1) 搜索长度为1的tag
find(True) # 搜索所有tag
attrs搜索
find(id='xxx') # 寻找id属性为xxx的
find(attrs={id=re.compile('xxx'), algin='xxx'}) # 寻找id属性符合正则且algin属性为xxx的
find(attrs={id=True, algin=None}) # 寻找有id属性但是没有algin属性的
resp1 = soup.findAll('a', attrs = {'href': match1})
resp2 = soup.findAll('h1', attrs = {'class': match2})
resp3 = soup.findAll('img', attrs = {'id': match3})
text搜索 文字的搜索会导致其他搜索给的值如:tag, attrs都失效。方法与搜索tag一致
print p1.text
# u'This is paragraphone.'
print p2.text
# u'This is paragraphtwo.'
# 注意:1,每个tag的text包括了它以及它子孙的text。2,所有text已经被自动转为unicode,如果需要,可以自行转码encode(xxx)
recursive和limit属性
recursive=False表示只搜索直接儿子,否则搜索整个子树,默认为True。
当使用findAll或者类似返回list的方法时,limit属性用于限制返回的数量,
如:findAll('p', limit=2): 返回首先找到的两个tag
(3)find_parents() find_parent()
find_all() 和 find() 只搜索当前节点的所有子节点,孙子节点等. find_parents() 和 find_parent() 用来搜索当前节点的父辈节点,搜索方法与普通tag的搜索方法相同,搜索文档搜索文档包含的内容
(4)find_next_siblings() find_next_sibling()
这2个方法通过 .next_siblings 属性对当 tag 的所有后面解析的兄弟 tag 节点进行迭代, find_next_siblings() 方法返回所有符合条件的后面的兄弟节点,find_next_sibling() 只返回符合条件的后面的第一个tag节点
(5)find_previous_siblings() find_previous_sibling()
这2个方法通过 .previous_siblings 属性对当前 tag 的前面解析的兄弟 tag 节点进行迭代, find_previous_siblings()方法返回所有符合条件的前面的兄弟节点, find_previous_sibling() 方法返回第一个符合条件的前面的兄弟节点
(6)find_all_next() find_next()
这2个方法通过 .next_elements 属性对当前 tag 的之后的 tag 和字符串进行迭代, find_all_next() 方法返回所有符合条件的节点, find_next() 方法返回第一个符合条件的节点
(7)find_all_previous() 和 find_previous()
这2个方法通过 .previous_elements 属性对当前节点前面的 tag 和字符串进行迭代, find_all_previous() 方法返回所有符合条件的节点, find_previous()方法返回第一个符合条件的节点
注:以上(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)方法参数用法与 find_all() 完全相同,原理均类似,在此不再赘述。
CSS选择器
在写 CSS 时,标签名不加任何修饰,类名前加点,id名前加 # 在这里我们也可以利用类似的方法来筛选元素,用到的方法是 soup.select(),返回类型是 list (1)通过标签名查找
print soup.select('title')
#[<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]print soup.select('a')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]print soup.select('b')
#[<b>The Dormouse's story</b>]
(2)通过类名查找
print soup.select('.sister')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
(3)通过 id 名查找
print soup.select('#link1')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>]
(4)组合查找 组合查找即和写 class 文件时,标签名与类名、id名进行的组合原理是一样的,例如:查找 p 标签中,id 等于 link1的内容,二者需要用空格分开
print soup.select('p #link1')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>]
直接子标签查找
print soup.select("head > title")
#[<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]
(5)属性查找 查找时还可以加入属性元素,属性需要用中括号括起来,注意属性和标签属于同一节点,所以中间不能加空格,否则会无法匹配到。
print soup.select('a[class="sister"]')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]print soup.select('a[href="http://3water.com/elsie"]')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>]
同样,属性仍然可以与上述查找方式组合,不在同一节点的空格隔开,同一节点的不加空格
print soup.select('p a[href="http://3water.com/elsie"]')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://3water.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>]
以上的 select 方法返回的结果都是列表形式,可以遍历形式输出,然后用 get_text() 方法来获取它的内容。
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print type(soup.select('title'))
print soup.select('title')[0].get_text()
for title in soup.select('title'):
print title.get_text()
这就是另一种与 find_all 方法有异曲同工之妙的查找方法,是不是感觉很方便?
print soup.find_all("a", class_="sister") print soup.select("p.title") # 通过属性进行查找 print soup.find_all("a", attrs={"class": "sister"}) # 通过文本进行查找 print soup.find_all(text="Elsie") print soup.find_all(text=["Tillie", "Elsie", "Lacie"]) # 限制结果个数 print soup.find_all("a", limit=2)
本文详细讲解了python爬虫块Beautiful Soup从安装到详细使用方法与实例,更多关于python爬虫块Beautiful Soup的使用方法请查看下面的相关链接
python爬虫开发之Beautiful Soup模块从安装到详细使用方法与实例
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