详解ES6中class的实现原理

一、在ES6以前实现类和继承

实现类的代码如下：

function Person(name, age) {
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
}

Person.prototype.speakSomething = function () {
  console.log("I can speek chinese");
};

实现继承的代码如下：一般使用原型链继承和call继承混合的形式

function Person(name) {
  this.name = name;
}

Person.prototype.showName = function () {
  return `名字是：${this.name}`;
};

function Student(name, skill) {
  Person.call(this, name);//继承属性
  this.skill = skill;
}

Student.prototype = new Person();//继承方法

二、ES6使用class定义类

class Parent {
  constructor(name,age){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
  }
  speakSomething(){
    console.log("I can speek chinese");
  }
}

经过babel转码之后

function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) {
  if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) {
    throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function");
  }
}

var Parent = function () {
  function Parent(name, age) {
    _classCallCheck(this, Parent);

    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
  }

  _createClass(Parent, [{
    key: "speakSomething",
    value: function speakSomething() {
      console.log("I can speek chinese");
    }
  }]);

  return Parent;
}();

可以看到ES6类的底层还是通过构造函数去创建的。

通过ES6创建的类，是不允许你直接调用的。在ES5中，构造函数是可以直接运行的，比如Parent()。但是在ES6就不行。我们可以看到转码的构造函数中有_classCallCheck(this, Parent)语句,这句话是防止你通过构造函数直接运行的。你直接在ES6运行Parent(),这是不允许的,ES6中抛出Class constructor Parent cannot be invoked without 'new'错误。转码后的会抛出Cannot call a class as a function.能够规范化类的使用方式。

转码中_createClass方法，它调用Object.defineProperty方法去给新创建的Parent添加各种属性。defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps)是给原型添加属性。如果你有静态属性，会直接添加到构造函数defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps)上。

三、ES6实现继承

我们给Parent添加静态属性，原型属性，内部属性。

class Parent {
  static height = 12
  constructor(name,age){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
  }
  speakSomething(){
    console.log("I can speek chinese");
  }
}
Parent.prototype.color = 'yellow'


//定义子类，继承父类
class Child extends Parent {
  static width = 18
  constructor(name,age){
    super(name,age);
  }
  coding(){
    console.log("I can code JS");
  }
}

经过babel转码之后

"use strict";
 
var _createClass = function () {
  function defineProperties(target, props) {
    for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) {
      var descriptor = props[i];
      descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false;
      descriptor.configurable = true;
      if ("value" in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true;
      Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor);
    }
  }
 
  return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) {
    if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps);
    if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps);
    return Constructor;
  };
}();
 
function _possibleConstructorReturn(self, call) {
  if (!self) {
    throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");
  }
  return call && (typeof call === "object" || typeof call === "function") ? call : self;
}
 
function _inherits(subClass, superClass) {
  if (typeof superClass !== "function" && superClass !== null) {
    throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function, not " + typeof superClass);
  }
  subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, {
    constructor: {
      value: subClass,
      enumerable: false,
      writable: true,
      configurable: true
    }
  });
  if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass;
}
 
function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) {
  if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) {
    throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function");
  }
}
 
var Parent = function () {
  function Parent(name, age) {
    _classCallCheck(this, Parent);
 
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
  }
 
  _createClass(Parent, [{
    key: "speakSomething",
    value: function speakSomething() {
      console.log("I can speek chinese");
    }
  }]);
 
  return Parent;
}();
 
Parent.height = 12;
 
Parent.prototype.color = 'yellow';
 
//定义子类，继承父类
 
var Child = function (_Parent) {
  _inherits(Child, _Parent);
 
  function Child(name, age) {
    _classCallCheck(this, Child);
 
    return _possibleConstructorReturn(this, (Child.__proto__ || Object.getPrototypeOf(Child)).call(this, name, age));
  }
 
  _createClass(Child, [{
    key: "coding",
    value: function coding() {
      console.log("I can code JS");
    }
  }]);
 
  return Child;
}(Parent);
 
Child.width = 18;

构造类的方法都没变，只是添加了_inherits核心方法来实现继承。具体步骤如下：

首先是判断父类的类型，然后：

subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, {
    constructor: {
      value: subClass,
      enumerable: false,
      writable: true,
      configurable: true
    }
  });

这段代码翻译下来就是

function F(){}
F.prototype = superClass.prototype
subClass.prototype = new F()
subClass.prototype.constructor = subClass

接下来就是subClass.__proto__ = superClass

_inherits核心思想就是下面两句：　

subClass.prototype.__proto__ = superClass.prototype
subClass.__proto__ = superClass

如下图所示：

首先 subClass.prototype.__proto__ = superClass.prototype保证了子类的实例instanceof父类是true，子类的实例可以访问到父类的属性，包括内部属性，以及原型属性。

其次，subClass.__proto__ = superClass，保证了静态属性也能访问到，也就是这个例子中的Child.height。

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