关于Python的格式化字符串,几乎所有接触过Python语言的人都知道其中一种,即使用运算符%,但对于绝大多数初学者来说也仅此而已。
因此,本文将先总结如何通过%运算符来格式化字符串,同时指出这种方式的缺点,然后带你了解Python中另外三种强大的格式化字符串的方式:str.format()、f-string以及模板字符串,并给出在何时选择何种方式的建议。
一、%运算符格式化字符串
1. 如何使用
字符串对象都有一个使用%运算符完成的?戎貌僮鳎?杀挥美锤袷交?址??W罴虻サ娜纾?/p>
In [11]: name = "Monty Python" In [12]: "Hello, %s." % name Out[12]: 'Hello, Monty Python.'
如果想要对一段字符串中插入多个变量进行格式化,则需要使用一个元组将待插入变量包在一起,如:
In [14]: name = "Monty Python" In [15]: age = 100 In [16]: "Hello, %s. You are %d years old" % (name, age) Out[16]: 'Hello, Monty Python. You are 100 years old'
2. 缺点概述
使用%运算符的方式来格式化字符串自Python语言诞生之日起就已存在,上述代码看起来也很直观易读,但是当字符串更长,待插入变量更多,则使用%来格式化字符串的可读性将急剧下降,如:
In [23]: first_name = "Eric" In [24]: last_name = "Idle" In [25]: age = 100 In [26]: profession = "comedian" In [27]: affiliation = "Monty Python" In [28]: "Hello, %s %s. You are %s. You are a %s. You were a member of %s." % (first_name, last_name, age, profession, affiliation) Out[28]: 'Hello, Eric Idle. You are 100. You are a comedian. You were a member of Monty Python.'
上述使用%格式化字符串不仅冗长,而且容易出错,因为这种方式并不够正确显示元组或者字典。
实际上,在Python官方文档中,对于使用%运算符格式化字符串这种方式的评价也是负面的:
- The formatting operations described here exhibit a variety of quirks that lead to a number of common errors (such as failing to display tuples and dictionaries correctly).使用%格式化字符串会产生一系列异常,这些异常将引起一系列常见错误(如:无法正确显示元组和字典)。
- Using the newerformatted string literals, the str.format() interface, ortemplate strings may help avoid these errors.
- 使用更新的格式化字符串字面量(f-string:formatted string literals),str.format()接口或者模板字符串(template strings)可以帮助避免这些错误。
Each of these alternatives provides their own trade-offs and benefits of simplicity, flexibility, and/or extensibility.
当然,上述三种可替代的格式化字符串方式也都在简洁、灵活和可扩展方面有所取舍。
二、str.format()格式化字符串
1. 如何使用
str.format()是对使用%实现格式化字符串的一种改进。这种方式使用的语法和普通函数调用相差无几。
使用str.format(),字符串中待替换的域使用{}表示:
In [29]: name = "Eric" In [30]: age = 100 In [31]: "Hello, {}. You are {}.".format(name, age) Out[31]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
也可以通过索引的方式指定format()中哪一个变量和值应该填入哪一个{},如:
In [32]: name = "Eric" In [33]: age = 100 In [34]: "Hello, {1}. You are {0}.".format(age, name) Out[34]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
除了索引,也可以通过在{}中指定名称的方式来实现类似上述功能,如:
In [36]: name = "Eric" In [37]: age = 100 In [38]: "Hello, {name}. You are {age}.".format(age=age, name=name) Out[38]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
基于上面的方式,当待格式化的信息都来自一个字典时,Python中还有如下骚操作:
In [39]: person = {'name': 'Eric', 'age': 100} In [40]: "Hello, {name}. You are {age}.".format(name=person['name'], age=person['age']) Out[40]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
更骚的是,上面的骚操作还能利用字典拆包**进一步简化:
In [41]: person = {'name': 'Eric', 'age': 100} In [42]: "Hello, {name}. You are {age}.".format(**person) Out[42]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
2. 缺点概述
相较于%运算符方式,使用str.format()已经使得格式化字符串语法更加可读,但是当变量增多时,这种方式写出的程序也会显得很冗长:
In [43]: first_name = "Eric" In [44]: last_name = "Idle" In [45]: age = 74 In [46]: profession = "comedian" In [47]: affiliation = "Monty Python" In [48]: print(("Hello, {first_name} {last_name}. You are {age}. " + ...: "You are a {profession}. You were a member of {affiliation}.") \ ...: .format(first_name=first_name, last_name=last_name, age=age, \ ...: profession=profession, affiliation=affiliation)) Hello, Eric Idle. You are 74. You are a comedian. You were a member of Monty Python.
三、f-string格式化字符串
在Python 3.6中f-string被引入(具体请见PEP 498),也被称作格式化字符串字面量(formatted string literals)。
f-string是字符串字面量,且其以字母f开头,{}中包含变量或表达式,变量或表达式将在运行(runtime)时通过使用__format__协议被替换成具体的值。
1. 如何使用
简单的f-string格式化字符串如:
In [49]: name = "Eric" In [50]: age = 100 In [51]: f"Hello, {name}. You are {age}." Out[51]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
如前所述,{}中除接受变量外,还接受表达式,如:
In [52]: f"{2 * 37}" Out[52]: '74'
f-string更强大的地方在于,{}中接受函数调用:
In [53]: def to_lowercase(input): ...: return input.lower() ...: In [54]: name = "Eric Idle" In [55]: f"{to_lowercase(name)} is funny." Out[55]: 'eric idle is funny.'
甚至,你可以对创建于类的对象使用f-string,如:
class Comedian: def __init__(self, first_name, last_name, age): self.first_name = first_name self.last_name = last_name self.age = age def __str__(self): return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name} is {self.age}." def __repr__(self): return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name} is {self.age}. Surprise!" def main(): new_comedian = Comedian("Eric", "Idle", "74") print(f"{new_comedian}") if __name__ == '__main__': main()
上述代码的输出为:
Eric Idle is 74.
四、Template类格式化字符串
五、参考资料
[1] Python 3's f-Strings: An Improved String Formatting Syntax (Guide)
[2] Python String Formatting Best Practices
到此这篇关于Python中格式化字符串的四种实现的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关Python格式化字符串内容请搜索三水点靠木以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持三水点靠木!
Python中格式化字符串的四种实现
- Author -
TakingCoding4Granted声明:登载此文出于传递更多信息之目的,并不意味着赞同其观点或证实其描述。
Reply on: @reply_date@
@reply_contents@